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Pipes

On this page the details of all pipes to be entered using the long hand form of input are entered. For each pipe in the network one line of information is entered.

The buttons on the Tool Bar for this page are:

  • Close - exits this screen.
  • Show Errors.
  • Deletes the current pipe (where the cursor is located). When selected, a form appears confirming the delete and allowing any connected discharges at the pipe nodes to also be deleted.
  • Add a new pipe
  • Insert a new pipe
  • Search for Pipe/Node
  • Copy Pipe Data - Copies the current pipe data to the clip board. Paste Pipe Data - Pastes the pipe data in the clip board to the current pipe.
  • ? Help on the current tab page.
  • View Grid: This allows the user to display the GRID to assist with connecting long hand form input pipes to the GRID.
  • Multiple Pipe Selection: All pipes must have a pipe number and both node numbers (node types are optional) and in addition must have a length and diameter entered (pipe material, HW coefficient and fittings are optional) or similar to pipe number entered. In this later case the remainder of the line is greyed out so that no data can be entered. Note that in this screen, selecting the = sign in any column except the Pipe Number, will copy the next non-blank value immediately above to the current field.

The input items that are entered for each pipe are:

For all pipes:

  • Pipe Number

    • Up to 2000 pipes can be entered (including those in a grid) but the pipe numbers can be anywhere between 1 and 9999.- If "Automatic Pipe Numbering" is selected, the next pipe number (the last pipe number entered or edited plus one increment), is automatically assigned as soon as any other pipe parameter is entered. Otherwise the pipe number must be entered by the user.
    • Right clicking the mouse on the pipe number inserts a new pipe on the next line below the cursor.

  • Node A and Node B

    • These are the node numbers assigned by the user to the nodes at either end of the pipe. A node must be entered wherever there is:

      • an operating sprinkler
      • a nozzle on a hose or hose reel
      • a hydrant
      • a fixed discharge
      • an input point
      • a junction of three or more pipes
      • a point where a pipe changes size or material

    • Note that if there is a check valve in the pipe and check valve action is required the nodes must be in the order that will give flow when the check valve is open. Also if a pipe contains a booster pump or back flow preventer the nodes must be entered in the direction of flow. In all other cases they can be entered in any order.

  • Node Type: (Type A/ Type B)

    • This flags a node as a:
      • Sprinkler
      • Hydrant
      • Nozzle
      • Fixed discharge
      • Input point
    • The program will change the type to Grid if it has been entered in a grid. All other nodes in the system are referred to as reference points and the type is not entered (left blank).
    • The user can enter the type here and then the node will be added in the appropriate sprinkler, nozzle, input point or fixed discharge screen. Alternatively the user can add the node as a sprinkler, nozzle, etc., in the appropriate data entry screen, the program then flags the node here in the pipes data table. Similarly if a sprinkler, nozzle, etc., is deleted in one of the other screens the flag will be removed.
    • When a node is flagged as a particular type the program flags all occurrences of this node in the pipes table.
    • All nodes that are not sprinklers, nozzles, input points or fixed discharges, (i.e. not flagged) are added automatically (to save input data time) to the reference nodes screen. In the reference nodes screen the user then only has to enter the node elevation.
    • In this way nodes once specified on a pipe can never be inadvertently omitted, however pipes can still be inadvertently omitted so users must be ever vigilant in entering the pipes data in this way. For this reason it is better to use the GRID form of input wherever practical.

For copied pipes:

  • Similar to Pipe:
    • When two pipes are exactly alike, the second pipe need not be completely respecified. For example, suppose there are four pipes (301, 302, 311 and 312) which are all 3000 mm long, 50-mm diameter, medium steel pipe and contain 1 tee (four similar branch pipes for example). We can enter say pipe 301 and then on the next three lines pipes 302, 311 and 312 are entered with their node numbers and 301 entered under the column headed Similar to. If a pipe is made similar to another, the remainder of the line is greyed out.
  • Multiple Similar Pipes Form
    • In this form multiple pipes can be quickly generated that are a copy of the pipe where the cursor is currently located.
    • The input items on the form are:
      • Number of Copies
      • Increment Pipes by
      • Increment Nodes by
    • Insert Similar Pipe Number – If this Check box is cleared the Similar To Pipe number is not entered on the copied pipes enabling the user to enter different lengths, diameters, etc. i.e. pipes are copied with the nominated pipe and node numbers only.
    • Start from: Pipe Number, Node A, Node B
      • These three editable fields allow the user to nominate the numbers for the first pipe copied.
    • This button refreshes the pipe and node numbers of the copied pipes in the table
    • Below the start from panel is a three column table with the number of rows set by the Number of Pipes above. The columns are:
    • Pipe Number Node A Node B: These are the pipe numbers and node numbers of the newly generated pipes. If any of the pipe numbers are coloured red then there is a clash with an existing pipe which is an error. If any of the node numbers are coloured blue this is a warning that this node already exists.
    • At the foot of the form is three buttons:
    • Cancels the multiple copy
    • Help on this form
    • Applies the multiple copy and inserts the extra pipes in the Pipes screen. If there is a red pipe in the table the pipes will not be copied as there would be a duplicate pipe

For Unique Pipes:

  • Pipe Length:

    • The center-to-center length of the pipe (i.e. the total length of pipe between the end nodes) in units of length as specified in the Project Tab Page.
    • If the right mouse is clicked a calculator appears allowing the user to accumulate the lengths of the pipe sections if there are only elbows and if the users mental arithmetic is not crash hot.
    • If the pipe material is FLEX, the length required is the equivalent length of 25mm steel pipe. This information is normally available from suppliers of braided flexible pipe.

  • Pipe Diameter:

    • The pipe diameter in units as specified in the Project Tab Page. A nominal size may be selected from a drop down list or entered manually, in which case the program determines the actual internal diameter on the basis of the piping material code entered (next item) except for hoses and hose reels where the entered diameter is the internal diameter. If the pipe is a non-standard size or of a material not included in the program or of different wall thickness, then the actual internal diameter may be entered prefixed by a negative sign: i.e. -45 is taken as a pipe of 45 mm internal diameter.
    • The nominal sizes allowed depend on the piping material. If a nominal size is entered and the relevant standard for the entered piping material does not include this size, then the green smiley face will turn red e.g. the entry of a 200 mm diameter pipe with a material type of ASAM (medium steel pipe to AS 1074) is an error as this standard does not include pipe sizes larger than 150 mm diameter.
    • The correct pipe diameters will appear in the drop down list if the appropriate pipe material in the next column is selected or the default pipe material includes the required diameters. This also applies to user entered pipe materials and their diameters. New user pipe materials can be entered via the User Data Button on the Main Screen.
    • The Internal Pipe diameters Versus Nominal Pipe Sizes are listed here for each pipe material under Internal Pipe Diameters (small pipes) - Mist Systems and Internal Pipe Diameters - High Density Polyethylene.
    • For Stainless Steel Tubing the pipe internal diameters must be entered by the user because the wall thickness for the different nominal pipe sizes is a function of the allowable pressure. Hence the stainless steel tubing pipe sizes that the user wishes to use must be entered in the “User Defined Pipes” screen where once entered and saved can be saved and stored for any other project. For example a user might enter a pipe material SS30 with internal diameters for a design pressure of 30MPa and another set of diameters SS25 for a design pressure of 25MPa.

  • Pipe Material:

    • This is the pipe material which is used in the program to determine internal pipe diameters from values stored in the program or entered by the user under the User Data Button on the Main Screen. It is referenced in the calculation program (and the input data file) by a four character pipe material code.

    • Pipe materials are specified in a number of places:

      • A default can be set under Set Defaults accessed from Configuration on the Menu Bar of the Main Screen. This value will be the default on opening a new project. For all Sprinkler Systems except Mist and Domestic sprinkler systems. For Mist systems the program sets SS40 as the default and for Domestic systems ASDA.
      • A default value may be entered above the Pipe Material heading on the Pipes Tab Page and on the GRID Main Pipes Tab Page. Pipes with the material left blank in the column below these defaults will assume the default value. If the Sprinkler Code on the Project Tab is changed between a Commercial, Domestic or Mist system and the current default pipe material is one that does not apply, the program changes it to the material set under Configuration or SS40 for a Mist system or ASDA for a Domestic system.
      • For an individual pipe in the Pipe Material column on the Pipes Tab Page
      • For the individual main or rising main pipes in a GRID on the Main Pipes Tab Page.
      • For the individual range or tree pipes in a GRID on the Ranges and Trees Pipes Tab Page.

    • The pipe materials may be selected from a drop down list or typed in manually. The drop down list is called up by right clicking the mouse button in the grid fields. To call up the list for the default value at the top of the column, with the cursor in the boxed field, double click the left mouse or click on the actual mouse symbol image\ebx_-1425478495.gif.

    • The program includes actual internal pipe diameters for the following materials: (An asterisk indicates pipe materials that are not listed (available) in the GRID pipes)

    • For Mist systems the available pipe material is further restricted to only include copper and stainless steel pipes and stainless steel tubing.

      ASAL Light Steel Tube to AS1074 -1989
       ASAM Medium Steel Tube to AS1074 -1989 & BS 1387
       ASAH Heavy Steel Tube to AS1074 -1989 & BS 1387
       ASTD Standard Weight Steel to ASTM A-135, A-795
       AS20 Schedule 20 Steel to ASTM A-135, A-795
       AS40 Schedule 40 Medium Weight Steel to ASTM A-135, A-795
       ASBU Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K9 ), unlined to AS2280 -1979
       ASBL Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K9 ), light lining to AS2280 -1979
       ASBH Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K9 ), heavy lining to AS2280 -1979
       ASCU Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K12 ), unlined to AS2280 -1979
       ASCL Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K12 ), light lining to AS2280 -1979
       ASCH Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K12 ), heavy lining to AS2280 -1979
       ASDA Copper Tube Type A to AS1432 - 1993
       ASDB Copper Tube Type B to AS1432 -1993
       ASDC Copper Tube Type C to AS1432 -1993
       ASDD Copper Tube Type D to AS1432 -1993
       NZCV Copper Tube for water to NZS 3501 -1976
       CPCV Chlorinated PVC (Blazemaster) to ASTM-F442
       HOSC Canvas Fire Hose (38 or 63.5 mm diameter)
       HOSR Fire Hose Reels (19mm diameter)
       SS10 Stainless Steel pipe to ANSI/ASME B36.19M (Schedule 10S)
       SS40 Stainless Steel pipe to ANSI/ASME B36.19M (Schedule 40S)
       PE09 High Density Polyethylene to AS/NZS 4130 (SDR 9)
       PE11 High Density Polyethylene to AS/NZS 4130 (SDR 11)
       PE13 High Density Polyethylene to AS/NZS 4130 (SDR 13.5)
       FLEX Braided Flexible

    • Below this list, any User Defined pipe Materials are then listed.

    • With Braided Flexible pipe (FLEX), the length required is the equivalent length of 25mm diameter medium weight steel pipe.

    • At the top right of the Pipe Material panel there is a check box labelled Show Cast Iron pipes. Because Cast Iron pipes are not used that often these days, they are not listed for selection unless this check box is checked.

    • At the base of the pipe material selection box, four buttons provide for:

      • Apply: Applying the pipe selection,
      • Edit User Pipes: When this button is selected, the program opens the User Defined Pipes and Fittings Screen
      • Help: Help on this screen
      • Cancel: Cancelling the selection

    • When a pipe material is selected, a default Hazen & Williams coefficient or (Roughness if the Darcy Weisbach formula is being used) is inserted. The default values are:

Pipe MaterialHazen & WilliamsRoughness
ImperialMetric
Steel Pipes and Tube1200.00180.045
Stainless Steel1500.000060.0015
Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K9 ), unlined1000.01010.259
Centrifugal Cast Ductile Iron (Class K9 ), lined1400.00020.045
Copper Tube and Chlorinated PVC1500.000060.0015
Polyethylene1400.00020.045
Canvas Fire Hose1000.0080.200
Fire Hose Reels1500.000060.0015
Flexible Braided (Equivalent to steel)1200.00180.045

H.W Coefficient:

  • This is the Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient used in calculating the friction loss in a pipe. The following are clean and typical design values:

    Hazen-Williams Coefficient
    Clean*Suggested design valuesSource
    Bitumen lined concrete145-140140(AS2118)
    Spun bitumen-lined steel150-145140(AS2118)
    Cement lined iron or steel150-140140(AS2118 & NFPA)
    Cast iron (uncoated)140-125100(AS2118, NFPA & NZ4541)
    Cast iron (coated)145-130115(unknown)
    Ductile Iron100(NZ4541)
    Concrete150-140110(unknown)
    Copper160-155150(AS2118 & NFPA)
    Copper, MPVC, UPVC & PE140(NZ4541)
    Stainless Steel Tubing160-155150(NFPA & NZ4541)
    Stainless Steel Pipe140-130130(AS2118)
    Stainless Steel Pipe140-130140(NFPA750)
    Welded & seamless steel (wet)150-140120(AS2118, NFPA & NZ4541)
    Welded & seamless steel (dry)150-140100(NFPA)
    Galvanised Gteel (wet)150-140120(AS2118, NFPA & NZ4541)
    Galvanised Steel (dry)100(NFPA)
    Steel galvanised after fabrication110(NZ4541)
    Steel, spun concrete lined130(NZ4541)
    CPVC150(NFPA)
    CPVC140(NZ4541)
    Polyethylene160-155150(AS2118)
    U.P.V.C. (Hose reel pipe)160-155150(AS2118)
    Fire hose (non-percolating)140(unknown)
    Fire hose (unlined or percolating)100(unknown)

  • Clean values are for concentrically joined and clean pipes. Values except for welded and seamless steel are from Australian Standard 2200-1978.

    Default values for Hazen Williams Coefficient used by HYENA
    AS2118NFPA, SSCP52 & GB50084NZ4541
    HW CoSourceHW CoSourceHW CoSource
    Cement Lined C.I.140AS2118140NFPA140AS2118
    Unlined Cast Iron100AS2118100NFPA100NZ4541
    Copper150AS2118150NFPA140NZ4541
    Stainless Steel Pipe130AS4587140NFPA750130AS4587
    Steel120AS2118120NFPA120NZ4541
    PVC & CPCV150NFPA150NFPA140NZ4541
    HDPE150AS2118150AS2118140NZ4541
    HOSR150AS2118150AS2118140NZ4541
    HOSC140Unknown140Unknown140Unknown

For HW coefficient used with AS4587 and NFPA750 see Surf Roughness - Mist Systems:

  • The absolute roughness of the pipe for use in the friction factor formula when using the Darcy Weisbach method. Typical values are:
AS4587NFPA750
MaterialmmSourceHWmmSourceHW
Copper0.0015AS45871500.0015NFPA750150
Stainless Steel Pipe0.045AS45871300.045NFPA750140
Stainless Steel Tube0.0015AS45871500.0009NFPA750160
    - The Surface Roughness is entered in a number of places:
        - a default value may be entered above the Surf Roughness heading on the Pipes Tab Page and on the GRID Main Pipes Tab Page. Pipes with the Surface Roughness left blank in the column below these defaults will assume the default value.
        - For an individual pipe in the Surface Roughness column on the Pipes Tab Page.
  • The Hazen-Williams Coefficient may be entered in a number of places:
    • A default can be set under Set Defaults accessed from Configuration on the Menu Bar of the Main Screen. This value will be the default on opening a new project.
    • A default value may be entered above the H.W.Coefficient heading on the Pipes Tab Page and on the GRID Main Pipes Tab Page. Pipes with the H.W.Coefficient left blank in the column below these defaults will assume the default value.
    • For an individual pipe in the H.W.Coefficient. column on the Pipes Tab Page.
    • For the individual main or rising main pipes in a GRID on the Main Pipes Tab Page.
    • For the individual range or tree pipes in a GRID on the Ranges and Trees Pipes Tab Page.

Surface Roughness

  • Surf Roughness: The absolute roughness of the pipe for use in the friction factor formula when using the Darcy Weisbach method. Typical values are:
AS2118NFPA, SSCP52 & GB50084NZ4541
MaterialmmSourcemmSourcemmSource
Cement Lined CI.0.045NFPA7500.045NFPA7500.045AS4587
Unlined Cast Iron0.256ASHRAE0.256ASHRAE0.256ASHRAE
Copper0.0021AS45870.0021NFPA0.045NFPA750
S SteelPipe0.045AS45870.045NFPA7500.045NFPA750
Steel0.102NFPA0.102NFPA0.102NFPA
PVC & CPCV0.0015AS45870.0021NFPA0.0015NFPA750
HDPE0.0015AS45870.0021NFPA0.045NFPA750
HOSR0.0015AS45870.0021NFPA0.045NFPA750
HOSC0.256Unknown0.256Unknown0.256Unknown
  • Values of Surface Roughness where Source is in italics are taken from a different pipe material with same HW in listed code .
  • For roughness coefficient used with AS4587 and NFPA750 see Surf Roughness - Mist Systems
  • The Surface Roughness is entered in a number of places:
    • A default value may be entered above the Surf Roughness heading on the Pipes Tab Page and on the GRID Main Pipes Tab Page. Pipes with the Surface Roughness left blank in the column below these defaults will assume the default value.
    • For an individual pipe in the Surface Roughness column on the Pipes Tab Page.
    • For the individual main or rising main pipes in a GRID on the Main Pipes Tab Page.
    • For the individual range or tree pipes in a GRID on the Ranges and Trees Pipes Tab Page.

Standard Elbow/Bend

  • This is the number and type of "Standard" Elbows/Bends on the current pipe, , where “Standard” means most frequently used. The type is fixed for all pipe materials except HDPE pipes or Copper pipes in Mist systems. For these pipe materials there is a selection list which allows the user to nominate which Elbow or Bend they want as the “Standard”.
  • This is to simplify the data input when there are primarily elbows/bends to be entered, i.e. it saves using the Other Fittings column (which lists all the available fittings).
  • Where a selection is available:
  • If the “Standard” Elbow/Tee is changed on any pipe then the program changes the “Standard” Elbow/Bend on all pipes of the same material eg. all copper pipes. The current “No. Off” remains unchanged only the “Standard” fitting type is changed.

Standard 90 deg Tee

- This is the number and type of “Standard” 90 degree Tees on the current pipe, where “Standard” means most frequently used.  The type is fixed for all pipe materials except HDPE pipes or Copper pipes in Mist systems. For these pipe materials there is a selection list which allows the user to nominate which Tee they want as the “Standard”. 
- This is to simplify the data input when there are primarily Tees to be entered. i.e. it saves using the Other Fittings column (which lists all the available fittings)
- Where a selection is available:
- If the “Standard” Tee is changed on any pipe then the program changes the “Standard” Tee on all pipes of the same material eg. all copper pipes. The current “No. Off” remains unchanged only the “Standard” fitting type is changed.

Other Fittings

- If there are any other fittings in the pipe, they are selected on the selection form that appears when the right mouse is clicked image\ebx_-1425478495.gif. Fittings (including valves) that apply to the Sprinkler Code (as selected on the Project Tab Page and the particular pipe material) are displayed for the current pipe. In addition where appropriate User Defined fittings are also displayed. The user defined fittings are fitting types with the appropriate equivalent lengths entered by the User using the USER DATA Button on the Main Screen.
- The number of Standard Elbows/Bends and 90° Branch Tees (as entered in the previous two columns in the Pipes Table) are included in the selection form.
- For hydrant mill cocks there is no data available and an angle valve (NV) may be used.
 - The following items are on the Tool Bar:
- Units - The units of Length and Diameter currently in use.
- The current pipe diameter
- Fitting String: As the user enters the number of fittings and the appropriate data (length or diameter) as required, the string that is written out to the input data file is displayed here, e.g. 2GV ZAV(400) LE(40). The fittings for this particular pipe will also appear this way under other fittings ( except for the number of Standard Elbows and 90° Branch Tees) on the Pipes Tab Page.
- Clears all entered data for this pipe
- In the selection fform users can enter data in the various columns for:
    - Std No: This is the number of fittings from the standard list of fittings which have their equivalent lengths stored in the program. It includes any entered under the columns Standard Elbow/Bend and Standard 90 degree Tee on the Pipes Tab.

    - Special Fittings - Fittings with a user entered equivalent length: These are fittings from the standard list of fittings which have their equivalent lengths stored in the program which are to be used with a different equivalent length to the program values. They are entered in the second and third columns (No. and Equivalent Length). They are written to the Pipes table and the input data file with a prefix of Z e.g. it may be required to enter an alarm, two gate and a check valve with user nominated equivalent lengths of 8000, 1000 and 800 mm respectively. These three special fittings are then displayed and entered in the input data file as ZAV(8000) 2ZGV(1000) ZCV(800).

    - Fittings with a different diameter:These are fittings with a different diameter to that of the current pipe. They are entered in the last two columns (No. and Diam). They are written to the Pipes table with the diameter in parenthesis. e.g., In say a 50mm pipe, two 40 mm short radiused bends are required, enter 2 under No and 40 under Diam. This, after exiting the selection box will appear as 2SE(40)

    - Unlabled Fitting (**) with a user entered equivalent length:Where it is required to use a fitting that is not listed explicitly, the number off and equivalent length may be entered in this specially designated line. e.g. 3 fittings with an equivalent length of 3000mm. This is then displayed and entered in the input data file as 3(3000).

    - Pressure Control Devices  (Pipes Tab only): In this block a number of options are provided for inserting pressure control devices:
        - OC Orifice Size and P.Drop - When this fitting is selected the program calculates the flow and pressure required at this point such that the water flow at each of the discharges downstream is not less than the minimum and then determines the pressure drop required at this point. The program as well as listing the required pressure drop, also lists the required pressure at the downstream node and the diameter of an orifice plate to achieve the required pressure drop. An OC cannot be inserted in a pipe with a connection to an input point upstream and downstrem OR if there is a parallel path to any of the nodes downstream

        - OF Orifice Plate Fixed Size - This is an orifice plate with a nominated size used to control the pressure drop at the point of insertion. The program calculates the pressure drop of the orifice plate and includes this in the pipe pressure loss calculations.

        - OD Orifice Plate Fixed P.Drop This is an orifice plate with a nominated pressure drop. The program includes this entered value in the pipe pressure loss calculations and also calculates the orifice plate size.

        - OP Pressure Limited This a pressure control device which limits the pressure at the downstream node (in the direction of flow regardless of which order the nodes are entered) to a nominated value. An OP cannot be inserted in a pipe with an input point on the upstream or downstream node OR if there is a parallel path to any of the nodes downstream

        - PZ Zone Pressure - This is a pressure control device controlling the pressure at the top of a zone in accordance with “AS 2118.6-2012 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems - Combined Sprinkler and Hydrant Systems in Multistorey Buildings” The entered pressure is the pressure at the downstream end of the pipe and the node numbers of the pipe must be in the direction of flow

        In the one project there can be any number of OF and ODs in any pipe including similar pipes. OC's cannot be entered in series.The calculation of orifice plate size or pressure drop is based on the following formula:
        Qo = Cd x Ao x [ ( 2 x PD / ñ ) / ( 1 - ( do / D ) ^ 4 ) ] ^ 1/2
        where
        Qo is the volume flow rate through the orifice (or pipe)
        Ao is the area of the orifice
        PD is the pressure drop through the orifice plate
        ñ is the density of the fluid in the pipe
        do is the diameter of the orifice
        D is the internal diameter of the pipe
        Cd is the flow coefficient of the orifice

        The flow coefficient used is listed in the table below for varying values of do/D these values being determined from the data presented in the Australian Standard AS2118 Part 1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems (Appendix C). and in the Singapore Standard CP52.

        do/D  0.5  0.55  0.74  0.8
        Cd   0.61  0.71  0.86  0.95

        For values of do/D between 0.5 and 0.8, values of Cd are linearly interpolated.

        Note that the data in AS2118 is restricted to pipe internal diameters of between 50 and 200 and do/D ratios between 0.5 and 0.8 mm. Hence the program does not allow entry of fixed orifice plate sizes (OF) for diameters or do/D ratios outside these ranges. OC, OD and OP can be entered for any pipe size but if the pipe diameter is outside the above range, the orifice plate size is not calculated. If the do/D ratio is outside the above range the orifice size is calculated based on extrapolated values of Cd (which may produce inaccurate values) and printed for assistance to users.

- In the selection list the fitting code (e.g. SE) and description are displayed. Symbols are displayed in the description of some of the fittings. These indicate the source of the data for equivalent lengths used for the particular fitting and are:
    - [M.H.] Municipal Hydraulics, Vancouver Canada
    - [G.B.] Gage Babcock, Vancouver Canada
    - [Crane] Crane Company Catalogue No.41
    - [ASC] Automatic Sprinkler Corporation of America
    - [KA] Katmar Software
    - [PPI] Plastic Pipe Institute USA
    - (SE), (TT), (AS2118), (no loss), etc.

- The items (in circular brackets) indicate that the particular Code does not have values for this particular fitting and the letters within the brackets, signify the fitting or code which is used in determining the equivalent length. E.g., in NFPA the straight through Tees (TN) and (TR) are taken as the same as a long radius elbow (LE) and a short radius elbow (SE) respectively, whilst in other codes they are assumed to have (no loss). Another example is the values for the Check Alarm Mushroom which are taken from (AS2118).

- For HDPE and Stainless Steel Tube fittings, L/D ratios are used but users can enter their own pressure loss data using values of equivalent length as for other pipe materials. The L/D ratios were based on data from Katmar Software and an article by the Plastic Pipe Institute USA – “Design of PE Piping Systems Chapter 6”. The program does not allow User defined fittings for these pipe materials.

- At the foot of the Selection box any errors in the entered fitting data are displayed together with the current erroneous fitting string.

- Select here for further information on [Fitting Equivalent lengths]() including tables of actual values.